In this article we will discover the basics of HTTP requests in Python using the urllib core module.
When making an HTTP request, you must first verify that the protocol specified in the URL is HTTP or HTTPS. We will be using HTTPS in this example, but you may be required to use plain HTTP if the remote site does not have an SSL certificate.
urllib.request has the Request class which, as mentioned in the documentation, has the primary purpose of handling HTTP URLs.
Our HTTP request begins by creating an instance of this class and passing a URL to it.
from urllib.request import urlopen, Request
request_url = 'https://gabrieleromanato.com'
request = Request(request_url)
Now we need to actually open the remote URL using the urlopen() function which creates a stream. Being a stream, the recommended way to manage it is to use a context manager with the with operator.
with urlopen(request) as response:
pass
response is an instance of urllib.response and has the properties status, which returns the integer HTTP status code returned by the server, and headers which returns the HTTP headers of the response as an instance of the EmailMessage class. The EmailMessage.items() method returns a list of tuples containing the HTTP header name and its value. We can also convert this list of tuples into a list of dictionaries using the map() function.
def create_single_header(data):
key, value = data
d = {}
d[key] = value
return d
request_url = 'https://gabrieleromanato.com'
request = Request(request_url)
with urlopen(request) as response:
status_code = response.status
res_headers = list(map(create_single_header, response.headers.items()))
Instead, to find the body of the response returned by the server, i.e. the HTML document, we must bear in mind that within our context manager we are operating with a stream of bytes, therefore we can use the same approach that we use with files ( read() and decode()).
request_url = 'https://gabrieleromanato.com'
request = Request(request_url)
with urlopen(request) as response:
status_code = response.status
res_headers = list(map(create_single_header, response.headers.items()))
body = response.read().decode('utf-8')
Our code, however, is missing a key part: exception handling. In fact, the URL may not be valid, the server may return an HTTP error or the connection may time out. We can add exception handling like this.
from urllib.error import HTTPError, URLError
from urllib.request import urlopen, Request
def create_single_header(data):
key, value = data
d = {}
d[key] = value
return d
def send_http_request(request_url):
if not request_url.startswith('https://'):
return False
try:
request = Request(request_url)
with urlopen(request) as response:
status_code = response.status
res_headers = list(map(create_single_header, response.headers.items()))
body = response.read().decode('utf-8')
return {
'status': status_code,
'headers': res_headers,
'body': body
}
except URLError as err:
return err.reason
except HTTPError as error:
return error
except TimeoutError as tm_err:
return tm_err
Finally, we can use our code as follows:
def main():
print(send_http_request('https://gabrieleromanato.com'))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
